SQL Cheat Sheet
Welcome to SQL Seeker's ultimate SQL Keyword and Cheat Sheet Reference!
Whether you're just starting with SQL or brushing up on advanced queries, this handy guide lists essential SQL keywords and functions to help you write better queries. From basic commands like SELECT to powerful aggregates like COUNT, each entry includes syntax, a brief description, and a practical example to get you going. Use this reference alongside our detailed lessons to master SQL, and explore our site-wide search for more learning resources.
SQL Keyword Reference Table
Keyword | Category | Syntax | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
SELECT | Queries | SELECT column1, column2 FROM table | Retrieves data from a table. | SELECT name, age FROM users; |
FROM | Queries | FROM table | Specifies the table to query. | SELECT * FROM orders; |
WHERE | Queries | WHERE condition | Filters rows based on a condition. | SELECT name FROM users WHERE age > 30; |
INNER JOIN | Joins | INNER JOIN table ON condition | Joins tables, keeping matching rows. | SELECT users.name, orders.amount FROM users INNER JOIN orders ON users.id = orders.user_id; |
LEFT JOIN | Joins | LEFT JOIN table ON condition | Joins tables, keeping all left table rows. | SELECT users.name, orders.amount FROM users LEFT JOIN orders ON users.id = orders.user_id; |
GROUP BY | Aggregates | GROUP BY column | Groups rows by column for aggregation. | SELECT department, COUNT(*) FROM employees GROUP BY department; |
HAVING | Aggregates | HAVING condition | Filters grouped results. | SELECT department, COUNT() FROM employees GROUP BY department HAVING COUNT() > 5; |
ORDER BY | Queries | ORDER BY column ASC/DESC | Sorts results by column. | SELECT name FROM users ORDER BY age DESC; |
LIMIT | Queries | LIMIT number | Restricts the number of rows returned. | SELECT * FROM products LIMIT 10; |
COUNT | Aggregates | COUNT(column) | Counts non-null values in a column. | SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders; |
SUM | Aggregates | SUM(column) | Sums values in a column. | SELECT SUM(amount) FROM orders; |
AVG | Aggregates | AVG(column) | Calculates average of a column. | SELECT AVG(price) FROM products; |
MIN | Aggregates | MIN(column) | Finds the smallest value in a column. | SELECT MIN(price) FROM products; |
MAX | Aggregates | MAX(column) | Finds the largest value in a column. | SELECT MAX(price) FROM products; |
CONCAT | String Functions | CONCAT(string1, string2) | Concatenates strings. | SELECT CONCAT(first_name, ' ', last_name) AS full_name FROM users; |
UPPER | String Functions | UPPER(string) | Converts string to uppercase. | SELECT UPPER(name) FROM products; |
LOWER | String Functions | LOWER(string) | Converts string to lowercase. | SELECT LOWER(name) FROM products; |
DATE | Date Functions | DATE(value) | Extracts date from a datetime. | SELECT DATE(order_date) FROM orders; |
YEAR | Date Functions | YEAR(date) | Extracts year from a date. | SELECT YEAR(order_date) FROM orders; |
LIKE | Queries | LIKE pattern | Matches patterns in strings. | SELECT name FROM users WHERE name LIKE '%son'; |
